Şanlıurfa, often simply known as Urfa in daily language, is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. It is an ancient city with a history that dates back to the dawn of civilization. The region has been continuously inhabited since the Neolithic era and is steeped in religious significance for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It is often associated with the biblical patriarch Abraham, who is said to have been born in a cave in what is now the heart of the city, known as the Cave of Abraham. The city's name, 'Şanlı', meaning 'glorious', was added in the Republican period in recognition of the city's resistance to the French occupation after World War I. Urfa retains a multi-ethnic population, mainly composed of Turks, Kurds, and Arabs, which contributes to a rich cultural tapestry. Additionally, Syriac Christians and Armenians have also called Urfa home, adding further to its culturally diverse mosaic. The city has a warm and arid climate, with hot dry summers and mild, wet winters. Balıklıgöl, a pool with sacred fish, is among the most famous landmarks where visitors can reflect on the city's spiritual aura. Historically, Urfa is known for its significant role in early Christianity and was once a major center for Syriac literature. The city has also seen the passage of many ancient civilizations including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites, Persians, and more prominently the Byzantines and the Arabs, before eventually being incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in the early 16th century. The archeological site of Göbekli Tepe near Urfa, dating back to around 9600 BCE, is one of the oldest temple complexes ever discovered and has revolutionized the understanding of human history. It is evidence of a sophisticated society that predated the invention of agriculture and writing. Economically, Urfa is an agricultural hub, with farming influencing much of the local culture and economy. It is particularly known for its production of cotton, pistachios, and eggplant, amongst other crops. Handicrafts and traditional trades continue to thrive in the city's bazaars. Culturally, Urfa is renowned for its distinctive music, dances, and cuisine. The city has its own version of kebab, known as Urfa kebab, and its sira nights, which are traditional social gatherings featuring music and poetry, are famous. Demographically, as of the early 21st century, Şanlıurfa is one of the fastest-growing cities in Turkey, partly due to its high birth rate and rural-urban migration from nearby regions. This growth has brought challenges and transformations to the city, impacting its infrastructure, social dynamics, and economy. Lastly, Šanlıurfa continues to be a paramount example of coexistence amidst diversity and remains a jewel in the crown of Turkey's vast historical and cultural landscape.